pUBLICATIONS

Title: Generative AI framework for HM Government
Abstract: This framework outlines principles and practical steps for the safe and responsible use of generative AI in HM Government. It includes ten core principles covering lawful and ethical use, security, human control, lifecycle management, tool selection, openness, collaboration, skill acquisition, and policy alignment. The framework delves into the definition of generative AI, its applications, and limitations, while providing guidance on building generative AI solutions, including goal setting, team formation, support structure creation, procurement, and solution development. Legal, ethical, privacy, security, and governance considerations are explored in depth, emphasizing the importance of expert collaboration and alignment with organizational policies.

Subproject area: Technical advanced solutions
Content: AI, NLP, Data Protection
Typology: Report
Territorial scope: National

Title: Camera’s Report on “Utilizzare l’intelligenza artificiale a supporto del lavoro parlamentare”
Abstract: This report presents the outcomes of a study conducted by the Comitato di vigilanza sull’attività di documentazione of the Camera dei deputati concerning the role of artificial intelligence in parliaments. It discusses the significant potential of AI in enhancing societal sectors while acknowledging associated challenges, thus emphasizing the imperative for democratic principles in AI application within parliamentary contexts and beyond. It also provides insights into the current utilization of artificial intelligence by parliaments worldwide. Finally, it outlines guiding principles for the integration of AI in parliamentary processes.

Subproject area: Technical advanced solutions
Content: AI, NLP
Typology: Report
Territorial scope: National

Title: House of Lords Report on “Large language models and generative AI”
Abstract: The report highlights the transformative potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) and the global race to dominate this field. It emphasizes the need for proactive measures to harness economic benefits while mitigating risks to public safety, societal values, and economic competitiveness. Recommendations include preparing for international competition, guarding against regulatory capture, and balancing safety concerns with commercial opportunities. Immediate actions are advised to address security risks and even prepare for potential catastrophic outcomes. Empowering regulators and developing proportionate AI regulation tailored to the UK’s context are also emphasized.

Subproject area: Technical advanced solutions
Content: AI, NLP
Typology: Report
Territorial scope: National

Title: EU Parliament Press release on Artificial Intelligence Act
Abstract: A landmark agreement on the Artificial Intelligence Act has been confirmed by the EU Parliament. Key provisions include safeguards for general-purpose artificial intelligence, limitations on the use of biometric identification systems by law enforcement, bans on social scoring and AI manipulation of user vulnerabilities, and granting consumers the right to launch complaints and receive meaningful explanations. The text awaits a formal adoption in an upcoming Parliament plenary session and final Council endorsement.

Subproject area: Legal theory
Content: AI
Typology: Press Release
Territorial scope: Supranational

Title: EU Commission White Paper on “How to master Europe's digital infrastructure needs?”
Abstract: This White Paper identifies challenges and discusses possible scenarios for public policy actions, such as a possible future Digital Networks Act, that aim to incentivise building the digital networks of the future, master the transition to new technologies and business models, meet future connectivity needs of all end-users, underpin competitiveness of EU economy and ensure secure and resilient infrastructures. A public consultation on the ideas put forward in the Paper is open for Member States, civil society, and academics until June 2024.

Subproject area: Technical advanced solutions
Content: Cybersecurity, Digital assets
Typology: Paper
Territorial scope: Supranational

Title: US NIST Report on “Adversarial Machine Learning. A Taxonomy and Terminology of Attacks and Mitigations”
Abstract: This NIST Trustworthy and Responsible AI report develops a taxonomy of concepts and defines terminology in the field of adversarial machine learning (AML). The taxonomy is built on surveying the AML literature and is arranged in a conceptual hierarchy that includes key types of ML methods and lifecycle stages of attack, attacker goals and objectives, and attacker capabilities and knowledge of the learning process. The report also provides corresponding methods for mitigating and managing the consequences of attacks and points out relevant open challenges to take into account in the lifecycle of AI systems. Taken together, the taxonomy and terminology are meant to inform other standards and future practice guides for assessing and managing the security of AI systems, by establishing a common language and understanding of the rapidly developing AML landscape.

Subproject area: Technical advanced solutions
Content: Cybersecurity, AI, NP
Typology: Report
Territorial scope: National

Title: EU Commission Decision establishing the European Intelligence Office (C/2024/1459)
Abstract: The Decision establishes a European Artificial Intelligence Office within the Commission as part of the administrative structure of the Directorate-General for Communication Networks, Content and Technology to perform tasks necessary to implement and enforce the forthcoming Regulation on artificial intelligence and contribute to fostering EU policies on AI.

Subproject area: Legal theory
Content: AI
Typology: Legislation
Territorial scope: Supranational

Title: Artificial Intelligence in the European Commission (AI@EC) C(2024) 380 final
Abstract: In this Communication the Commission develops internal operational guidelines that give staff clear and pragmatic guidance how to put AI systems in operation, classifies and assesses AI systems in use – or planned to be used – based on a risk-based approach, sets out AI uses that are considered incompatible with European values or that represent a threat to the security, safety, health, and fundamental rights of people, and puts in place organisational structures to fulfil the obligations of the Commission in relation to AI, also for the forthcoming AI Act.

Subproject area: Legal theory
Content: AI
Typology: Soft-law
Territorial scope: Supranational

Title: UN-AI Advisory Body Interim Report on “Governing AI for Humanity”
Abstract: The report proposes preliminary recommendations for AI governance categorized into guiding principles and institutional functions. Guiding principles emphasize inclusivity, public interest, alignment with data governance and promotion of data commons, multi-stakeholder collaboration, and adherence to international commitments. Institutional functions focus on assessing AI’s future implications, reinforcing governance interoperability, developing standards and risk management frameworks, facilitating international cooperation, promoting talent development and the SDGs, and ensuring compliance and accountability through binding norms.

Subproject area: Legal theory
Content: AI
Typology: Report
Territorial scope: International

Title: COE’s Draft Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence, Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law
Abstract: This document presents the outcomes of the second reading of the Draft Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence, Human Rights, Democracy, and the Rule of Law by the Committee on Artificial Intelligence. The Convention establishes general principles aimed at ensuring the protection of human rights, the integrity of democratic processes, and the respect for the rule of law. These principles include safeguarding human dignity and autonomy, promoting transparency and oversight, ensuring accountability, fostering equality, protecting privacy, preserving health, promoting reliability, and encouraging safe innovation. Additionally, the Convention outlines obligations to implement procedural safeguards and mechanisms for risk assessment and mitigation.

Subproject area: Legal theory
Content: AI
Typology: Bill
Territorial scope: International

Title: D.M. Katz, Natural Language Processing in the Legal Domain
Abstract: The paper offers an overview of the current state of NLP & Law, focusing on recent advancements in both technical and substantive aspects. Analyzing a corpus of over six hundred papers published in the last decade, the study identifies increasing trends in the number of papers, tasks undertaken, and languages covered. Researchers are employing more sophisticated methodologies, aligning Legal NLP with broader scientific standards. While these developments are promising, many unanswered questions remain in both academic and commercial spheres.

Subproject area: Technical advanced solutions
Content: NLP
Typology: Paper
Territorial scope: International

Title: R. Bommassani et al., The Foundation Model Transparency Index
Abstract: The paper highlights the rise of foundation models in AI applications alongside a decline in transparency. It introduces the 2023 Foundation Model Transparency Index, which evaluates major developers' transparency across 100 indicators. Gaps in transparency, especially regarding downstream impacts, are evident. This index aims to drive improvements in governance through industry standards and regulation.

Subproject area: Legal theory
Content: AI
Typology: Paper
Territorial scope: National

Title: CNIL guidelines for a use of AI respectful of personal data
Abstract: The article outlines CNIL guidelines for aligning AI innovation with GDPR principles, promoting technological progress while safeguarding privacy. These guidelines detail GDPR's application to AI, stressing compatibility and setting conditions for data handling. Integrating privacy measures fosters trust in ethical AI development, bolstering confidence in emerging technologies.

Subproject area: Legal theory
Content: AI
Typology: Press releases
Territorial scope: National

Title: EU Commission’s report on “Cybersecurity of Artificial Intelligence in the AI Act”
Abstract: The European Commission’s proposal for the AI Act represents a significant milestone in the regulation of Artificial Intelligence (AI). This report focuses on the cybersecurity requirement for high-risk AI systems, as set out in Article 15 of the regulation. It presents a high-level analysis in the context of the rapidly evolving AI landscape, and provides a set of key guiding principles to achieve compliance with the AI Act.

Subproject area: Legal theory
Content: AI
Typology: Report
Territorial scope: Supranational

Title: EU Commission’s draft “Proposal for standard contractual clauses for the procurement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) by public organisations”
Abstract: The EU Commission’s report introduces standard contractual clauses for public organizations procuring AI Systems. These clauses align with the proposed AI Act, but their adoption is voluntary and adaptable on a case-by-case basis. They focus on high-risk AI systems, but a simplified version is available for non-high-risk AI. These clauses specifically address AI-related matters under the AI Act and are meant to be appended to existing agreements, excluding other contractual obligations.

Subproject area: Legal theory
Content: AI
Typology: Report
Territorial scope: Supranational

Title: WEF paper on “Exploring the Industrial Metaverse”
Abstract: The briefing paper by WEF in collaboration with the University of Cambridge outlines a roadmap for industry leaders navigating the nascent industrial metaverse. It highlights four key dimensions: market assessment, use case experimentation, technology infrastructure, and resource management. As the industrial metaverse is set to expand, understanding its multidimensional impact is crucial for organizations and society.

Subproject area: Legal theory
Content: Metaverse
Typology: Report
Territorial scope: International

Title: EU Parliament’s study on “The emergence of non-personal data markets”
Abstract: The European Union has positioned itself uniquely by promoting the free flow of non-personal data while maintaining stringent data privacy and security measures. Nonetheless, ensuring fair conditions for data sharing remains essential. This study, presented by the Policy Department for Economic, Scientific, and Quality of Life Policies at the request of the Committee on Industry, Research, and Energy (ITRE), delves into the emergence of non-personal data markets. It examines the existing EU legal framework, identifying ongoing challenges and suggesting implementation strategies.

Subproject area: Legal theory
Content: Big data
Typology: Report
Territorial scope: Supranational

Title: Datatilsynet’s report on “Using artificial intelligence in the public sector”
Abstract: The Danish Data Protection Agency (Datatilsynet) study examines AI usage in the public sector, emphasizing the need for legal measures to address challenges. It explores AI's impacts on public administration and investigates its prevalence among public authorities, focusing on legal considerations and data protection compliance. Through a questionnaire survey, the study provides insights into AI adoption and its implications for data protection. Despite limitations, it sheds light on AI's current use in the public sector, stressing the importance of regulatory oversight for responsible deployment.

Subproject area: Legal theory
Content: AI
Typology: Report
Territorial scope: National

Title: D. Liga, The Interplay Between Lawfulness and Explainability in the Automated Decisionmaking of the EU Administration
Abstract: This work has two main goals, on the one side it explores the nature of explainability in the attempt to clarify the ambiguous use of this concept and how eXplainable AI (XAI) methods fit into this concept. On the other side, the work describes the legal framework which currently regulates explainability of automated decisions in the context of the European administration, showing to what extent a selection of famous XAI methods meets the requirements of such legal framework.

Subproject area: Legal theory
Content: AI
Typology: Paper
Territorial scope: Supranational

Title: UNIDROIT Principles on Digital Assets and Private Law
Abstract: The UNIDROIT Principles on Digital Assets and Private Law aim to regulate transactions involving digital assets, reducing legal uncertainties, and promoting efficiency. Neutral regarding technology and jurisdiction, they apply across different legal systems. They cover specific aspects of digital transactions while excluding other areas of private law. They address transfers, security, custody, and legal procedures, providing guidelines for a gradual transition.

Subproject area: Legal theory
Content: Digital assets
Typology: Soft-law
Territorial scope: International